Environmental governance policies and community adaptation to recurrent flooding in Cross River State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study investigates environmental governance and community adaptation to recurrent flooding in Cross River State, Nigeria, aiming to understand how policies support or limit local resilience. A mixed methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data was used. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and regression, and qualitative data were examined thematically. Findings indicate that flood events in the state have increased in frequency and intensity over the past decade, with riverine and low-lying communities most severely affected. Governance responses at national, state, and local levels exist but are variably implemented, often constrained by weak enforcement, limited resources, and poor coordination. Communities employ a combination of reactive, structural, adaptive, and informal strategies, including temporary relocation, raised housing, livelihood diversification, and indigenous early warning systems. Adaptive capacity depends largely on income, education, and access to information. Major barriers to effective adaptation include limited government support, poor infrastructure, and weak early warning systems. The study highlights the need for better coordination among governance institutions, improved infrastructure, strengthened early warning mechanisms, and enhanced community capacity. It recommends proactive policy enforcement, focused community support, and integrated planning that links governance frameworks with local adaptation strategies.