An examination of state and non-state actors in herders-farmers conflict in Benue State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examines conflict resolution mechanisms employed by state and non-state actors in addressing the persistent herders–farmers conflict in Benue State, Nigeria. The conflict has undermined rural livelihoods, food security and social cohesion, necessitating community-based responses. Using a correlational research design, 400 respondents were selected through stratified random and purposive sampling techniques. Data were obtained using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as simple percentages tables while simple linear regression was used to test the hypothesis. Findings reveal a significant positive relationship was found between collaborative state–non-state engagement and reductions in violent incidents, suggesting that hybrid approaches are more effective than isolated interventions. However, challenges such as politicization, inadequate resources, mistrust and weak coordination continue to limit sustainability. The study contributes to knowledge by empirically demonstrating the complementary roles of formal and informal institutions in managing resource-based conflicts in Nigeria’s Middle Belt. It further shows the importance of a correlational design in establishing linkages between mechanisms and outcomes. The study corroborates existing scholarship that peace requires inclusive, multi-actor frameworks, indicating that action is imperative